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UIR
Conference Titles & Abstracts
Click on a paper title to view the full abstract. The
presenting author for each paper is highlighted in blue
text.
(A) Design of
Thermoplastic Pipes
Paper A1
A Critical Appraisal of Current Practices for
Design of Buried Thermoplastics Pipes including Recommendations for Research
J.C. Boot, R.S. Sharma & A.J. Thompson
University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
Paper A2
Predicting the Behaviour of HDPE Pipes in
Horizontal Directional Drilling
A. Lasheen & M.A. Polak
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Paper A3
Buckling of HDPE Liners Under External Uniform
Pressure
R.M. Bakeer, S.E. Pechon, J.E. Taylor &
S. Chunduru
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA
M.E. Barber
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington, USA
Paper A4
Limit States of Buried Thermoplastic Pipes:
Laboratory Investigations
A.S. Dhar & I.D. Moore
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
(B) Condition
Assessment
Paper B1
Long Water Tunnel Inspections by Remotely
Operated Vehicle
R. Clarke & C. Sferrazza
Aquatic Sciences Inc., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Paper B2
Multiple Classifiers for Automated
Classification of Defects in Sewers
O. Moselhi & T. Shehab-Eldeen
Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Paper B3
Development of an Automated Pipeline Inspection
System
S.K. Sinha
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
P.W. Fieguth
Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada
Paper B4
Laboratory Investigation into the Assessment of
Concrete Pipes State of Deterioration using Ultrasonic Testing Techniques
M.C. López, M.A. Knight & G. Cascante
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
(C) Installation
Planning & Monitoring
Paper C1
Developing Safe Proximity Charts for Impact
Moling and Horizontal Directional Drilling Operations
D.N. Chapman
The University of Birmingham, UK
A.E. Hunter
Formerly The University of Nottingham, UK
Paper C2
Monitoring and Instrumentation of Trenchless
Technology Projects
S.T. Ariaratnam & G. Cyre
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
R. Harper
Dayton and Knight Ltd., West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Paper C3
A Statistically-Based Approach for the Design
of HDD Crossings
M.E. Baumert & E.N. Allouche
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
Paper C4
Horizontal Directional Drilling: Lessons
Learned in Conduit Installations
M.M. Gelinas & D.C. Mathy
DCM/Joyal Engineering, Walnut Creek, California, USA
Paper C5
A Decision Support System for Site
Characterization in Linear Excavation Projects
E.N. Allouche
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
(D) Buried Pipes
Paper D1
SIDD Pipe Bedding and Ontario Provincial
Standards
J.Q. Zhao & L. Daigle
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
Paper D2
Full Scale Testing of Concrete Pipe Bedding
Design
E.N. Allouche, S. Wong & M.E. Baumert
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
Paper D3
A Statistical Investigation of Structurally
Unsound Sewers
J.P. Davies
Thames Water, Reading, United Kingdom & University of Surrey, Guildford, United
Kingdom
B.A. Clarke
University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
J.T. Whiter & R.J. Cunningham
Thames Water, Reading, United Kingdom
Paper D4
The Considerations of Risks in the Analysis of
Urban Buried Pipes Behavior
Y. Diab & D. Morand
Université de Marne la Vallée, France
Paper D5
Geodynamic Monitoring of the Geoenvironment and
Engineering Constructions Interactions
G.S. Vartanyan
All-Russian Research Institute for Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, Moscow, Russia
(E) Management
Systems I
Paper E1
Development of an Intelligent System for
Pipeline Management
S.K. Sinha
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16801, USA
M.A. Knight
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Paper E2
Using Trenchless Technology to Save Costs
Associated with Traffic Delays
S.L. Tighe, T. Lee & R.C.G. Haas
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Paper E3
WARP - Water Mains Renewal Planner
B.B. Rajani & Y. Kleiner
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada
Paper E4
Sanitary Sewer Demand Forecasting using
Artificial Neural Networks
S. Chung & D. Abraham
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
G. Hwang
The City of San Diego Metropolitan Wastewater, San Diego, California, USA
Paper E5
Special Purpose Simulation for Trenchless Pipe
Replacement
J.S. Lueke & S.T. Ariaratnam
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
(F) Soil Analysis
Paper F1
Ground Displacements Caused by Pipe Splitting
C.D.F. Rogers, D.N. Chapman & F. Wan
School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, UK
P.C.F. Ng
Advantica Technologies Limited, UK
Paper F2
Tunnel Face Stability Through Tests Results on
Reduced-Scale Model
M. Esfehani
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
H. Di Benedetto
ENTPE, DGCB (URA CNRS 1652), Vaulx en Velin, France
Paper F3
Effect of Grouting on Soil Reinforcing and
Tunnel Deformation
S.A. Mazek, K.T. Law & D.T. Lau
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
Paper F4
Development of a Soil Classification Chart for
a Miniature Cone Penetrometer
E.N. Allouche, M. Devaux, M. Sakr and H.
El-Naggar
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
(G) Management
Systems II
Paper G1
Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation of
Large Sewers
S.E. McDonald & J.Q. Zhao
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
Paper G2
Structural Diagnosis of Sewer Networks
J. Bengassem & J. Loiacono
Centre for expertise and research on infrastructures in urban areas (CERIU), Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
S. Bennis
École de technologie supérieure (ETS), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Paper G3
Evaluation of Underground Pipeline Construction
Options
S. Gokhale
Purdue University School of Engineering and Technology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
M. Hastak
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
R.C. Vedder
ExactGrade Underground Infrastructure, L.L.C., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Paper G4
The Impact of Market De-Regulation upon the
Management of Potable Water Infrastructure: A UK Perspective
A. Lowdon
NuWater Consulting Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne, UK & Dept. Civil Engineering, University
of Newcastle, UK
J. Saldarriaga
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia & NuWater
Latin America
(H) Design of Pipe
Liners
Paper H1
The Structural Design of Non-Circular Linings
O. Thépot
SAGEP, Paris, France
Paper H2
Structural Design of Linings
B. Falter
University of Applied Sciences, Münster, Germany
Paper H3
The Structural Performance of Flexible Sewer
Linings Subject to External Pressure
J.C. Boot, I.L. Toropova & A.F. Ashour
University of Bradford, UK
Paper H4
Flexible Interface Materials for Tunnel Linings
A. Khan, M. Nehdi, K.Y. Lo, & G.J.E.
Kramer
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada
(J) Environment
Paper J1
Aquifer Response to a Horizontal Groundwater
Extraction Well
S.D. Howard & N.R. Thomson
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
D.L. Rudolph
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Paper J2
HDD Water Well Installation and Analysis
D.D. Wilson
Horizontal Well & Environmental Consultants, LLC, Arvada, Colorado, USA
V. Rash
Des Moines Water Works, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
Paper J3
Evaluation of the Long-Term Energy Costs of
Leaks in Buried Pipeline Systems
A.F. Colombo & B.W.
Karney
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Paper J4
Guidelines for Selecting Lead Pipe
Rehabilitation and Replacement Technologies
G.R. Boyd
Tulane University, Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA
G.J. Kirmeyer
Economic and Engineering Services, Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA
N.K. Tarbet
WRc, plc, Swindon, Wilts, United Kingdom
(K) Pipe Material
Characterization & Design
Paper K1
Horizontal Direction Drilling Research Program
- University of Waterloo
G.M. Duyvestyn, M.A. Knight & M.A. Polak
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Paper K2
Installation Loads on New Pipelines During Pipe
Bursting
V. Fernando & I.D. Moore
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Paper K3
Experimental Investigation of Toronto Water
Main Samples
M.V. Seica, J.A. Packer & B.J. Adams
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Paper K4
Three Dimensional Mapping of Corrosion Pits in
Cast Iron Pipe Using the Remote Field Effect
J.M. Makar and R. Desnoyers
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
(L) Future Directions
Paper L1
Smart Pipe Systems-Concepts, Opportunities and
Challenges
M. Pendlebury
XCG Consultants Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
B.W. Karney & K.W. Tang
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Paper L2
Fiber Optic Distributed Sensor for Condition
Monitoring of Underground Concrete Structures
Y. Zhao, M. Zhao & F. Ansari
Department of Civil & Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Paper L3
Determining the Value of Underground
Infrastructure Assets
L.G. Snelgrove
Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
R.C. Haas
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Paper L4
GIS-Based Risk Analysis of Ferrous Water Mains
K. Dixon, G. Blakey & J. Whiter
Thames Water R&T, Reading, UK
V. Hope
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
(M) Case Histories
Paper M1
Elements of Success: Pipe Bursting in a
Sensitive Area
W.D. Sims
City of Nanaimo, Engineering Department, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
(To be presented by S.T.
Ariaratnam)
(University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada)
Paper M2
Sewerage Systems in Polish Historic Cities and
Their Rehabilitation
A. Kolonko & C. Madryas
Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Paper M3
Construction Induced Movements of a Diaphragm
Wall in Loose Sand
V.A.D. de Souza
VBA Consulting, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
J.T. Araruna Jr. & T.M.P. de Campos
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Paper M4
Failure Modes and Mechanisms in Gray Cast Iron
Pipes
J.M. Makar, R. Desnoyers and S.E. McDonald
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
FULL ABSTRACTS
(A) Design of Thermoplastic Pipes
Paper A1
A Critical Appraisal of Current Practices for Design of Buried Thermoplastics Pipes
including Recommendations for Research
J.C. Boot, R.S. Sharma & A.J. Thompson
University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
Thermoplastics pipes are used widely for the transport of gas, water and wastewater. The
pipes are generally embedded at shallow depth prior to the application of any internal
pressure and progressively loaded by backfill and traffic such that they deform in an
approximately elliptical shape, resulting in the mobilisation of passive resistance in the
surrounding ground. The soil-pipe interaction in such a system is complex and is largely
determined by the properties of the pipe material and constitutive behaviour of the soil.
Determination of the deformation state of any pipe is governed by a number of factors such
as geometry of the soil-pipe system, traffic loading, soil behaviour and installation
procedure. In this paper, current practices for design of flexible pipes subject to
combined loading by gravity and internal pressure are critically examined, especially in
light of the recent experience in Europe. The basis of a programme of research with the
objective of identifying an improved methodology is then outlined.
Paper A2
Predicting the Behaviour of HDPE Pipes in Horizontal Directional Drilling
A. Lasheen & M.A. Polak
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
This paper presents a new technique to predict forces and deformations of pipes installed
underground by the horizontal directional drilling. The new model predicts the shape of
the pipe in the bore-path. Based on the pipe shape, shape of the borepath and pipe
stiffness, the contact forces between the pipe and the borepath are calculated. The
contact forces cause friction and thus axial pulling force is induced to overcome the
frictional forces. The analytical model is used to analyse the stresses and strains on two
pipes that were tested in the field. The theoretical results are compared with the strains
measured in the field.
Paper A3
Buckling of HDPE Liners Under External Uniform Pressure
R.M. Bakeer, S.E. Pechon, J.E. Taylor & S. Chunduru
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA
M.E. Barber
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington, USA
This paper discusses results of an experimental study of the buckling behavior of HDPE
liner pipes. None of the tested liners failed structurally by rupturing or breaking. Based
on the results of the experimental tests, it was determined that end effects from the
testing chamber were effectively eliminated when a length-to-diameter ratio of about 10
was used. Results of the study showed that long-term loading conditions could be evaluated
from short-term behavior by employing a suitable load factor. Based on 10,000 hours
long-term buckling tests, the load factor was found to be approximately 1/3 for confined,
circular liners. The effects of SDR, thickness, and imperfections, such as ovality,
eccentricity and offset, must be considered before establishing the long-term loading
conditions. A load factor of 4 is recommended for design of liners installed in extremely
deformed or deteriorated host pipes.
Paper A4
Limit States of Buried Thermoplastic Pipes: Laboratory Investigations
A.S. Dhar & I.D. Moore
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Large diameter thermoplastic pipes are seeing increasing use in a variety of field
conditions including high fills. Pipes with different profiles have been produced seeking
cost-effective utilization of the materials. Research is underway to clarify the
performance of such products. Various design approaches for buried pipes have been
developed in the past decades based on empirical formulae, continuum theory and finite
element analysis. At this point, only limited information on the field performance of
these pipes is available in a form suitable for verification of the proposed design
methods. The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance limits of
different profiled-wall thermoplastic pipes in the laboratory. Potential limit states for
profiled large diameter flexible pipes such as excessive deflection, wall strains,
circumferential buckling, and local buckling are studied. Tests have been conducted in
large-scale test cells that are designed to approximately reproduce in the laboratory the
field stress conditions for deeply buried pipes.
(B) Condition Assessment
Paper B1
Long Water Tunnel Inspections by Remotely Operated Vehicle
R. Clarke & C. Sferrazza
Aquatic Sciences Inc., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Aquatic Sciences Inc. began internal ROV inspections of flooded pipelines and tunnels in
the early 1990s. Techniques and methods have improved beyond the scope of simple video
camera imaging to include sonar, doppler, pressure differential sensors and robotic
interface with underwater fairleads. Remote distance capabilities of 10 km are now a
proven technique. This paper will assess remote inspection technologies based on actual
project results. Different ROV systems will be examined according to their application to
various pipeline and tunnel diameters and lengths and to the respective inspection
requirements involved.
Paper B2
Multiple Classifiers for Automated Classification of Defects in Sewers
O. Moselhi & T. Shehab-Eldeen
Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Up until recently, inspection of sewer pipes has been a challenging task. The reason is
that 95% of this class of pipes is too small for effective manual (i.e. walk-in)
inspection. The need to assess the condition of sewer pipes gave rise to the development
of new techniques for inspection. In an effort to develop new techniques, the closed
circuit television (CCTV) camera was first introduced in the 1960s. The process of manual
CCTV inspection is usually time consuming, tedious and expensive. It may also lead to
diagnostic errors due to lack of concentration of human inspectors. This paper briefly
describes a recently developed inspection system that detects and classifies defects
automatically in sewer pipes, and focuses primarily on presenting an effective
computer-based model, designed to verify the output of the developed system. The model
utilizes multiple neural networks and data processing strategy to perform its task. A case
example is presented to demonstrate the use and capabilities of the developed model.
Paper B3
Development of an Automated Pipeline Inspection System
S.K. Sinha
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
P.W. Fieguth
Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) surveys are used widely in North America to assess the
structural integrity of underground sewage pipes. The video images are examined visually
and classified into grades according to degrees of damage. The human eye is extremely
effective at recognition and classification, but it is not suitable for assessing pipe
defects in thousand of miles of pipeline images due to fatigue, subjectivity, and cost.
This paper presents ongoing research into the automatic assessment of the structural
condition of underground pipes for the purpose of preventive maintenance by
municipalities. Automatic recognition of various pipe defects is of considerable interest
since it solves problems of fatigue, subjectivity, and ambiguity, leading to economic
benefits.
Paper B4
Laboratory Investigation into the Assessment of Concrete Pipes State of Deterioration
Using Ultrasonic Testing Techniques
M.C. López, M.A. Knight & G. Cascante
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Most underground networks were installed using open trench construction methods. This
construction method typically consists of placing pipes on bedding material and
backfilling the trench. Presently, underground piping networks are accessed using closed
circuit television cameras. While the camera goes through the pipe network a trained
operator classifies the condition of the underground network by visually assessing the
camera image projected onto a monitor. Over the past 10 years many technological
improvements have been made to CCTV camera images including the development of new digital
cameras. Regardless of the type of camera used the condition of the pipeline is evaluated
solely on a pipe surface image. A research project is underway to determine if
non-destructive ultrasonic test methods can be used to quantify the state of pipe cracking
in concrete pipes. The goal of this research is to develop a test methodology that can add
complementary information to pipe surface image assessments. This paper presents our
preliminary research findings.
(C) Installation Planning &
Monitoring
Paper C1
Developing Safe Proximity Charts for Impact Moling and Horizontal Directional Drilling
Operations
D.N. Chapman
The University of Birmingham, UK
A.E. Hunter
Formerly The University of Nottingham, UK
One of areas of risk associated with the use of trenchless service installation methods is
how close they can be used to existing service lines without causing damage. This paper
describes recent research that has been conducted, based on numerical simulations and
field trials using both impact moles and horizontal directional drilling units, to assess
the influence of these operations on the adjacent ground and existing service lines. The
controlled field trials carried out at part of this research involved placing
instrumentation in the ground and monitoring the ground response resulting from various
trenchless operations. The results from these trials were then used to verify numerical
modelling results. The numerical modelling was conducted in FLAC 2D, modelling both a
longitudinal section and a perpendicular section to the line of the new installation. This
allowed a number of parameters to be altered and assessed, for example ground type, impact
mole diameter and depth of installation. The package also allowed pipelines to be placed
within the vicinity of the trenchless operation being simulated. This enabled an
assessment to be made of the likely damage to existing services. The result of this work
has been a set of safe proximity charts for impact moles and horizontal directional
drilling units related to different types of ground condition. This paper describes some
aspects of the field trials and numerical work and gives examples of the safe proximity
charts that have been produced.
Paper C2
Monitoring and Instrumentation of Trenchless Technology Projects
S.T. Ariaratnam & G. Cyre
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
R. Harper
Dayton and Knight Ltd., West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
As more and more municipalities and other governmental agencies engage in the use of
trenchless technologies, questions are arising concerning the effect(s) that these
operations may have on the surrounding infrastructure. Subsequently, requirements for
monitoring and instrumentation are beginning to be implemented in contracts for projects
employing trenchless methods. This paper presents an overview of various types of devices
and installation procedures that may be employed for the insitu monitoring of Horizontal
Directional Drilling (HDD) and Pipe Bursting projects. Lessons learned from a number of
completed HDD and Pipe Bursting projects are also discussed along with suggestions for
implementing a successful monitoring and instrumentation programme.
Paper C3
A Statistically-Based Approach for the Design of HDD Crossings
M.E. Baumert & E.N. Allouche
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
A review of current design practices for calculating tensile loading during horizontal
directional drilling (HDD) installations is provided. These design procedures vary in the
ways they treat the basic installation loads such as borehole profile, pipe's stiffness,
frictional drag and fluidic drag. Summarized field data from a recent HDD installation, a
400m double crossing of the Grand River conducted near Brantford, Ontario, is presented.
Using the actual profile and parameters of this installation, three representative design
approaches are applied and are shown to yield different estimations of the tensile load
distribution along the length of the pipe product. A statistical design approach using
Monte Carlo simulation is presented where discrete input design parameters are replaced
with distributed variables. The potential of the statistical design approach as a tool to
aid the HDD designer is demonstrated by applying the simulation technique to produce a CDF
plot of the maximum tensile load for a 508mm diameter siphon installed across the Grand
River.
Paper C4
Horizontal Directional Drilling: Lessons Learned in Conduit Installations
M.M. Gelinas & D.C. Mathy
DCM/Joyal Engineering, Walnut Creek, California, USA
The trenchless installation of underground utilities by horizontal directional drilling
(HDD) presents several new challenges to both design engineers and owners. The objective
of this paper is to add to the level of knowledge that can be applied to the use of HDD
for trenchless pipeline installation. This paper presents a compilation of "lessons
learned" from various telecommunications HDD projects in the City of Santa Clara,
California, USA. All of these lessons are directly applicable to both conduit and pipeline
installations. The paper begins with a brief description of HDD equipment and applications
as well as limitations of HDD for pipeline and conduit installation. The introduction is
followed by a discussion of design criteria for HDD as well as a discussion of required
geotechnical information. The design and geotechnical discussions are followed by a
compilation of case history examples of lessons learned on recent HDD projects.
Paper C5
A Decision Support System for Site Characterization in Linear Excavation Projects
E.N. Allouche
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
Horizontal site characterization technologies present a rapidly evolving alternative to
traditional vertical site investigation methods for subsurface investigations. This paper
presents a rational methodology for the selection and deployment of horizontal site
investigation techniques in trenchless construction projects. The methodology enables the
user to define and quantify specific risks associated with a particular project, as well
as to evaluate the degree to which these risks can be mitigated using various site
characterization techniques. The proposed model is demonstrated using a working example.
The paper concludes with a discussion of future trends in this field.
(D) Buried Pipes
Paper D1
SIDD Pipe Bedding and Ontario Provincial Standards
J.Q. Zhao & L. Daigle
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
The current OPSS and OPSD that provide specifications for drainage pipes in Ontario, are
shown to be a simplified and more conservative version of the traditional Marston-Spangler
method. The SIDD method was developed through extensive finite element analyses. It
improves the pipe installation practice by lessening the requirements in bedding and
compaction, and allowing the use of native backfill materials. There is potential
cost-savings in using the SIDD method. The SIDD standard adopted by ASCE/ANSI, however,
seems to have missed a few important pieces of design information and is inconsistent with
the original SIDD research publication in the definition of soil types. The paper shows
that an improved version of the SIDD method should be considered for adoption as an
alternative in the OPSS, while the traditional Marston-Spangler method is maintained in
the standards.
Paper D2
Full Scale Testing of Concrete Pipe Bedding Design
E.N. Allouche, S. Wong & M.E. Baumert
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
In 1993 the American society for Civil Engineering (ASCE) adopted the ASCE 15-93, a
standard practice for direct design of buried precise concrete pipe using standard
installation (SIDD). The ASCE 15-93 defines four new standard installation types, ranging
from Type 1 that offers the highest quality of soil materials and soil compaction in the
embedment zone, to Type 4 that requires little field control and no imported bedding
materials. This paper reports the initial findings of a full-scale test bed of a Type 4
SIDD installation that took place in central Ontario during the summer of 2000. The
information presented includes local geotechnical data, trench geometry, elevation and a
plan view of the test site as well as initial results from the buried instrumentation. The
earth pressures recorded around the pipe were compared to predictions from the ASCE 15-93
as well as from Marston-Spangler theory.
Paper D3
A Statistical Investigation of Structurally Unsound Sewers
J.P. Davies
Thames Water, Reading, United Kingdom & University of Surrey, Guildford, United
Kingdom
B.A. Clarke
University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
J.T. Whiter & R.J. Cunningham
Thames Water, Reading, United Kingdom
This paper describes a statistical analysis of the structural condition of rigid sewer
pipes. The aim of the study was to identify the factors that have most influence on a
sewer's structural condition. A statistical investigation, in the form of a logistic
regression analysis, was performed on an extensive data set that combined a number of
previously disparate data sources. The study would suggest that there are a large number
of variables which are significant in assessing the risk of a sewer collapsing, or
deteriorating to such an extent that collapse is likely.
Paper D4
The Considerations of Risks in the Analysis of Urban Buried Pipes Behavior
Y. Diab & D. Morand
Université de Marne la Vallée, France
A safety factor principle is not sufficient alone to analyze safety reserves in buried
pipes because of the variation of the phenomena acting on the behavior of the pipe sewers.
In this paper a semi-probabilistic approach to diagnose urban sewers is detailed. This
approach is divided in two parts. The first one is based on a simplified probabilistic
method (Monte Carlo approach), it concerns only the mechanical behavior of the pipe. The
second part of the method is based on the establishing of expert rules to integrate the
impact of the pipe behavior on its environment. This method will permit to establish a
rational diagnosis of urban sewers towards a sustainable development.
Paper D5
Geodynamic Monitoring of the Geoenvironment and Engineering Constructions Interactions
G.S. Vartanyan
All-Russian Research Institute for Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, Moscow, Russia
The paper discusses new technological solutions providing the possibilities of
undestructive monitoring (control) of processes that occur in a "geological rock -
engineering construction" system. Some particular examples and representative
diagrams characterizing the state of the geoenvironment as the basis for engineering
constructions are given. The information of the paper is based on the results obtained by
multi-year investigations of extensive geological objects' behaviour, carried out with the
use of the Hydro-GeoDeformation (HGD)-field monitoring and the related R-STEPS System.
(E) Management Systems I
Paper E1
Development of an Intelligent System for Pipeline Management
S.K. Sinha
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16801, USA
M.A. Knight
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Beneath North America's roads, lie miles of pipe that brings purified water to homes and
carry away wastewater (sewage and storm water). For the most parts, these systems have
been functioning longer than their intended design life, with little or no repair. They
are in a state of deterioration. Neglecting regular maintenance of these underground
utilities adds to life-cycle costs and liabilities, and in extreme cases causes stoppage
or reduction of vital services. A systematic approach for the determination of
deterioration of pipeline systems and an integrated management system are necessary to
fully understand the complete status of this underground pipeline system. This paper
discusses the major aspects of integrated management for municipal pipeline systems,
namely, condition assessment technologies for underground pipelines, development of an
automated pipeline inspection system, and pipeline deterioration prediction methodology.
The integrated pipeline management system is necessary to ensure that critical pipeline
sections are repaired or replaced before they fail.
Paper E2
Using Trenchless Technology to Save Costs Associated with Traffic Delays
S.L. Tighe, T. Lee & R.C.G. Haas
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
This paper focuses on trenchless technology cost savings due to elimination of traffic
disruptions associated with utility cuts. Typical construction durations and traffic
control plans for two lane roads have been utilized to develop equations for calculating
traffic disruptions. The results show that as traffic levels increase, the user delay
costs can be significant. It is suggested that the methodology presented can enable the
decision maker to consider total costs, including user delay costs associated with typical
traffic control plans, and that in certain cases this can make trenchless technology the
most economic alternative.
Paper E3
WARP - Water Mains Renewal Planner
B.B. Rajani & Y. Kleiner
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada
Identifying water main breakage patterns over time is an effective and inexpensive way to
measure the structural deterioration of a water distribution system. Several models are
available to analyse and forecast pipe breakage. WARP is a prototype decision support
application that brings together the most promising models. Currently, it consists of
three modules: (a) analysis of water main breakage patterns, (b) short-term operational
forecasting and (c) long-term renewal planning. A fourth module to prioritise the renewal
of individual pipes is underway. The analysis distinguishes between background ageing,
time-dependent variables (temperature, soil moisture) and operational factors (pipe
replacement rate, cathodic protection) affecting pipe breakage rates. The short-term
forecast uses Fourier analysis to forecast the values of the time-dependent variables and
subsequently uses these values to forecast pipe breakage. The long-term planning uses the
background ageing rate, which is clean of the "noisy" time-dependent effects.
The user can examine and compare several options and strategies and their budgetary
implications.
Paper E4
Sanitary Sewer Demand Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Networks
S. Chung & D. Abraham
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
G. Hwang
The City of San Diego Metropolitan Wastewater, San Diego, California, USA
As wastewater infrastructure systems approach their design lives, there is a growing
demand for maintenance activities to extend the design life and to minimize the potential
for loss of function. It is necessary to develop an efficient infrastructure management
schemes since not all maintenance and repair projects can be funded (Chouinard 1996). In
order to address the problem of making optimal decisions under budgetary constraints, a
sewer management technique utilizing demand forecasting techniques is presented in this
paper. Accurate forecasting of wastewater demand is dependent on proper identification of
wastewater predictor variables. In this paper, predictor variables for wastewater demand
are identified. Through the use of artificial neural network (ANN), future wastewater
demand is forecasted. Data needed for the development of the sewer demand forecasting
models were obtained from the City of Indianapolis and the City of San Diego. The results
of the ANN model were compared to traditional statistical methods. The results showed that
the ANN model was able to produce better forecasts when compared to multiple regressions.
Paper E5
Special Purpose Simulation for Trenchless Pipe Replacement
J.S. Lueke & S.T. Ariaratnam
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Presented is the application of a simulation platform developed at the University of
Alberta called Simphony, utilized to create a special purpose simulation template for
trenchless pipe replacement operations. By using simulation the user is able to gain
insight into the performance of the system and identify variables that affect the final
outcome. When a project is modeled, all the activities and tasks within the pipe bursting
operation are accounted for within the model, with the addition of randomness in activity
duration that is derived from real world observations. Once the model is run, the computer
is able to apply variability to the activities and productivities, to calculate the
duration of the project. With multiple runs a probability distribution is derived
indicating the simulated outcome of the project. Results obtained from this model can
assist owners, engineers, contractors, and equipment manufacturers in conceptually
designing and planning pipe bursting projects.
(F) Soil Analysis
Paper F1
Ground Displacements Caused by Pipe Splitting
C.D.F. Rogers, D.N. Chapman & F. Wan
School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, UK
P.C.F. Ng
Advantica Technologies Limited, UK
Pipeline replacement 'on line' has been practiced for many years using a technique known
as pipe bursting. One of the most important considerations for the design of a pipe
bursting operation is the degree of ground displacement caused as a result of the process.
Pipe bursting typically creates a residual outward pattern of displacements, although the
temporary displacements can be considerably larger than the residual displacements. The
ground movements during construction will often, therefore, provide the worst case for
design. There is also the possibility of residual ground settlements if the works are
carried out in loose granular soils or in soft cohesive deposits in which positive pore
water pressures are generated. The pattern and magnitude of displacements has been shown
by the two senior authors to be dependent on several parameters following a comprehensive
programme of laboratory modelling and field trials. Parallel work by Advantica
Technologies Limited (formerly BG Technology/British Gas) has resulted in the publication
of tables and charts detailing 'safe working distances' for pipe bursting in relation to
cast iron gas mains. Prediction of these displacements is evidently vital for the safe
operation of these replacement techniques. A newer technique that has been proposed for
'on line' replacement is pipe splitting. Prior to its adoption, it is important that
differences in the patterns of displacement to those of pipe bursting are known. To this
end, Advantica is currently sponsoring a programme of full-scale laboratory model testing
of pipe splitting operations at the University of Birmingham. This paper aims to describe
the inherent differences of pipe splitting operations, detail the programme of tests and
report the results of tests in sand.
Paper F2
Tunnel Face Stability Through Tests Results on Reduced-Scale Model
M. Esfehani
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
H. Di Benedetto
ENTPE, DGCB (URA CNRS 1652), Vaulx en Velin, France
The method of tunneling without pressurization involves control of the tunnel free zone
stability. An experimental modeling program was carried out to study the behavior of the
tunnel free zone during excavation. The reduced-scale model simulated the staged
excavation of a circular tunnel at ENTPE, DGCB in Lyon, France. Three soil types were used
to investigate influence of soil cohesion on the response of the excavated zone.
Horizontal displacements on the circular excavation front were measured using an
ultrasonic system to monitor the soil response. Measured displacements included both
instantaneous and creep deformations of the excavated front. Conclusions show that the
magnitude of tunnel face displacement is a crucial indicator that can be used to predict
the outset of tunnel failure as a result of the increase in tunnel excavated length.
Paper F3
Effect of Grouting on Soil Reinforcing and Tunnel Deformation
S.A. Mazek, K.T. Law & D.T. Lau
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
The Greater Cairo Metro, a major project of underground railway in Cairo city, Egypt, is
presently under construction. During the construction of the Greater Cairo Metro line no.
2 (Shubra El-kheima - Mubarak), problems were encountered related to the stability of the
soil around the tunnel. Settlement and water seepage occurred during the tunnel
excavation. Serious problem was expected to occur where the metro tunnel passed under the
sewage tunnel. To alleviate the potential problem, grouting was applied beneath the lining
of the sewage tunnel. This paper presents the results from a study of the effects of the
grouting on soil behavior and the deformation of the sewage tunnel. The engineering
solution by grouting and its effectiveness on the problems of settlement and radial
displacement are discussed. The crossing between the sewage tunnel and the metro tunnel is
modeled using shell elements. The model is loaded by the overburden pressure while the
subgrade reaction of the soil is represented by the elastic support at the nodes along the
lower half of the sewage tunnel. Numerical analyses have been carried out to study the
effectiveness of grouting on the behavior and performance of the tunnel system. The
effects of compressional modulus of the soil and the depth of the tunnel on the vertical
settlement and the radial displacement of the sewage tunnel have been studied. Comparisons
of the effects of the grouting procedures are discussed. The results show the effect of
grouting on reducing the settlement and the radial displacement of the sewage tunnel. The
numerical results correlate well with the field measurements recorded by the National
Authority of Tunnel (NAT).
Paper F4
Development of a Soil Classification Chart for a Miniature Cone Penetrometer
E.N. Allouche, M. Devaux, M. Sakr and H. El-Naggar
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada
Traditionally geotechnical and geoenvironmental site investigations are performed using
vertical drilling technology. However, vertical drilling has several technical limitations
including restricted access to zones beneath surface and subsurface obstacles, the ability
to operate only from the surface and the local and discrete nature of the information
provided. These limitations can be overcome by combining horizontal directional drilling
technology with the collection of samples (horizontally) and insitu tests in order to
obtain continuous information regarding subsurface conditions along the alignment. This
paper describes the Smart Subsurface Horizontal Investigation Probe (SSHIP), one of the
first devices in this new generation of horizontal characterization tools. In particular,
the paper presents laboratory results from a miniature cone penetrometer (CPT) that was
deployed from within SSHIP and tested in various soil conditions. Sleeve friction and tip
resistance measurements were used to develop a soil classification chart as well as a
correlation between the tip resistance and the soil undrained shear strength.
(G) Management Systems II
Paper G1
Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation of Large Sewers
S.E. McDonald & J.Q. Zhao
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
The Urban Infrastructure Rehabilitation Program of the National Research Council Canada
(NRC) in conjunction with 10 municipalities and two consulting companies has just
completed a set of guidelines focusing on the impact and condition assessments, and
rehabilitation of large diameter sewers (> 900 mm) as well as access holes. The
guidelines provide a consistent approach for assessing the impact of pipe failure, coding
defects and assigning priorities for rehabilitation. The user-friendly approach is
demonstrated with an example. By using unified definitions of terminology and a consistent
defect coding system, information can be shared between utilities across the country.
Pooling scarce sewer condition data from various municipalities across Canada will enable
the development and verification of statistical models for assessing sewer deterioration
and predicting its remaining service life.
Paper G2
Structural Diagnosis of Sewer Networks
J. Bengassem & J. Loiacono
Centre for expertise and research on infrastructures in urban areas (CERIU), Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
S. Bennis
École de technologie supérieure (ETS), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
The development of a rehabilitation program requires, as a preliminary, an evaluation of
the sewer network, one of the problems, which face the managers of these networks. The
majority of the evaluation methods use an evaluation grade based on the observed
degradations, their severity, their risks, their evolutions and/or their impacts. The
sections of pipes having an evaluation grade below the fixed tolerance level will thus
become critical and be prioritized for rehabilitation. The analysis of the current
practices shows us that there is no structured and entirely satisfactory method able to
make a diagnosis of the sewer network, which integrates objectively the most important
aspects. In this paper, a systematic methodology was developed to evaluate the structural
performance of the sewer network, which will assist the managers with their diagnosis
needs. It makes it possible to identify the contributing elements with the abnormal
degradations and to objectively assign a performance grade to them, according to their
failures. This evaluation takes into account not only the state of the pipes but also the
relative importance of their degradations and their environment. For each aspect a
specific evaluation must be accomplished to be, then, integrated and treated by a fuzzy
inference system. A case study illustrates this methodology.
Paper G3
Evaluation of Underground Pipeline Construction Options
S. Gokhale
Purdue University School of Engineering and Technology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
M. Hastak
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
R.C. Vedder
ExactGrade Underground Infrastructure, L.L.C., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Sewer systems are vital components of a municipal infrastructure. Most of the sewer
systems in the US were constructed during the turn of the 20th century and are in
immediate need of rehabilitation because of degradation due to aging, demand, misuse and
neglect. Sewers are mostly located in high population density areas and because of that
the traditional open trench cutting of roads and streets may be impractical and sometimes
impossible. Trenchless technology (TT) consists of a wide range of methods, materials, and
equipment to install new or rehabilitate existing underground pipeline and utility systems
which are non-destructive in nature and have minimum impact on society and environment.
Ultimately the factor working in favor of trenchless technology is the economic factor and
also the benefits of the proposed technique that are balanced out against the risks this
technology entails. Execution of a TT project is very different from the conventional
methods and it needs a lot of preparation, planning, design, and study of construction
methods. This paper will describe a decision support model developed by the authors, used
in the assessment of "risk" in the context of trenchless construction as well as
managing the identified risks in a cost-effective manner. This paper will present a case
study to verify the effectiveness of the model in selection of trenchless techniques for
the rehabilitation and renewal of underground sewer systems.
Paper G4
The Impact of Market De-Regulation upon the Management of Potable Water Infrastructure: A
UK Perspective
A. Lowdon
NuWater Consulting Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne, UK & Dept. Civil Engineering, University
of Newcastle, UK
J. Saldarriaga
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia & NuWater
Latin America
Water utilities throughout the world are today faced with the need to address significant
investment in their underground infrastructure with diminishing financial resources. As
such, they are turning to private sector finance to fund capital investment programmes
which regularly extend into millions of dollars. However, private sector involvement
carries with it different expectations, primarily related to return on capital employed.
It is, therefore, inevitable that operational efficiencies are sought, resulting in the
shedding of manpower and with it the loss of tacit knowledge. In some extreme cases in the
UK, water utilities are now seeking to restructure themselves such has been the impact of
regulatory price controls. This paper highlights some of the key issues related to the
impact of private sector involvement upon the UK water industry over the last 10 years or
so, from the point of view of sustainable management and operation of potable water
infrastructure.
(H) Design of Pipe Liners
Paper H1
The Structural Design of Non-Circular Linings
O. Thépot
SAGEP, Paris, France
The French National project of research and experimentation named RERAU (Rehabilitation of
Urban Network Sewers) has developed a design method for non circular linings subject to
groundwater pressure. The method is based on an analytical approach and gives a formula,
recently obtains by O. Thepot, for the buckling pressure of a close-fit non-circular
lining subject to external water pressure (with initial annular gap). The method puts the
liners into two categories according to their shapes: "critical linings" that
are liable to buckle but where the blister remains localized and "subcritical
linings" that do not buckle but where the blister may extends to the entire lining.
For critical lining (most egg-shapes are critical), this paper presents formulas for
buckling pressure, bending moment, axial force and deflection. Thus the engineer is
enabled to calculate safety factors for stability and strength.
Paper H2
Structural Design of Linings
B. Falter
University of Applied Sciences, Münster, Germany
The German Worksheet ATV-M 127-2 published in January 2000 after a seven years period of
preparation and discussion is now well accepted in design practice for lining systems made
of different materials and installed in various methods. The concept based on stress,
deformation and stability analyses supports simple formula and diagram usage in standard
cases like circular pipes up to ND 600 and more elaborate analyses for non-circular cross
sections. Beside a short description of the design code the theoretical background is
presented. Experimental test configurations are discussed regarding restrictions such as
test specimen length, friction and load distribution. There is need of further research
projects in co-operation with other universities to solve the problems left in theory and
in practical use.
Paper H3
The Structural Performance of Flexible Sewer Linings Subject to External Pressure
J.C. Boot, I.L. Toropova & A.F. Ashour
University of Bradford, UK
Flexible polymeric sewer linings restore system integrity by arresting infiltration into a
cracked pipe. Structural design of these linings is dominated by their ability to resist
an external head of groundwater. Existing procedure in this regard is first summarised and
shown to be conservative. A programme of research aimed at addressing these issues is then
described. In particular the techniques being used to undertake material evaluation,
mathematical modelling, and representative system testing are presented, and the results
obtained to date are summarised.
Paper H4
Flexible Interface Materials for Tunnel Linings
A. Khan, M. Nehdi, K.Y. Lo, & G.J.E. Kramer
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada
As the planet prepares to accommodate another four billion people within the next 50
years, and with the advent of global economy and e-commerce, transportation needs will
grow beyond what current infrastructure can accommodate. On the other hand, energy demand
and increasingly restrictive regulations on greenhouse gas emissions are compelling
reasons for authorities to opt for underground transportation systems. In addition, cities
around the globe are undergoing their greatest developmental phase and the space available
for developing public infrastructure is decreasing rapidly. Therefore, engineers need to
integrate the potentialities of underground space in order to contribute to urban
amenities and extension. However, many of the future underground structures and tunnels
will have to be constructed in rock with time-dependent behaviour, weak rock and soil, and
other situations where lining segments will be exposed to excessive deformations that may
lead to their failure. This research aims at developing cost effective materials that will
serve as flexible interfaces between tunnel lining segments and the excavation line. Such
materials have to be properly designed for ease of construction, setting time, early-age
strength to resist installation stresses, long-term strength, durability, permeability, in
addition to providing an adequate stress-strain behaviour that can accommodate excessive
deformations. This paper investigates using cellular grout and cement mortars containing
recycled tire-rubber as tunnel lining interface materials. The stress-strain behaviour of
these materials under uniaxial and triaxial compression is compared and their advantages
and disadvantages are discussed.
(J) Environment
Paper J1
Aquifer Response to a Horizontal Groundwater Extraction Well
S.D. Howard & N.R. Thomson
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
D.L. Rudolph
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Horizontal wells installed using horizontal directional drilling technology are a new
consideration for environmental remediation and water supply problems. Unfortunately,
their implementation is being hindered by a lack of unbiased performance assessments of
field installations. To provide some information regarding the performance characteristics
and limitations of this new technology, a field investigation focussing on the response of
an unconfined aquifer to groundwater extraction from a horizontal well was conducted. A
monitoring network comprised of over 85 distinct observation points was installed in the
aquifer in the neighbourhood of the horizontal well. For comparison, a fully-screened
vertical well was also installed. Both short-term and long-term pumping tests were
performed. The results from this investigation suggest that at distances greater than 80%
of the screened length of the horizontal well, the aquifer response is identical for
extraction from either a horizontal or vertical well. The nature of the response in close
proximity to the wells, however, is distinctly different and may have significant
implications to remedial applications.
Paper J2
HDD Water Well Installation and Analysis
D.D. Wilson
Horizontal Well & Environmental Consultants, LLC, Arvada, Colorado, USA
V. Rash
Des Moines Water Works, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
The world's first horizontal directionally drilled municipal water well was installed by
the Des Moines Water Works during the winter of 1998. The well installation was completed
in two weeks despite equipment failure and harsh weather conditions. A new well
development technique was specially designed for the well and proved successful. The well
produces water at a rate of 6,800 lpm (1800 gpm).
Paper J3
Evaluation of the Long-Term Energy Costs of Leaks in Buried Pipeline Systems
A.F. Colombo & B.W. Karney
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Leaks alter the energy profile of a pipe segment by establishing a modified energy grade
line which is dependent upon the size and location of the leak. Numerical simulation
employing an orifice relationship to represent leaks in a simple network indicated a
substantial increase in the energy required at the source in order to maintain flow/head
at the demand node. The increased energy burden of the system adversely affects operating
costs and, since leaks are probably inevitable but still dependent on pipe properties,
could lead to different choices being made regarding pipe material selection,
rehabilitation schedule and service life for buried distribution networks.
Paper J4
Guidelines for Selecting Lead Pipe Rehabilitation and Replacement Technologies
G.R. Boyd
Tulane University, Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA
G.J. Kirmeyer
Economic and Engineering Services, Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA
N.K. Tarbet
WRc, plc, Swindon, Wilts, United Kingdom
Lead levels in potable water are regulated by the USEPA's Lead and Copper Rule and the
European Union's Drinking Water Directive. In 1997 the AWWA Research Foundation sponsored
a team of international investigators to identify, test, and evaluate available and
emerging techniques for the rehabilitation or replacement of small diameter pipes in the
size range typically used for water service lines (<25mm). The project included a
survey and case studies by utilities regarding their experience with specific techniques.
The project focused on field trials that were conducted with manufacturers and
participating utilities in North America and Europe. This paper discusses five technology
categories that were identified by this study and factors affecting the use and
performance of each. In addition, this paper summarizes guidelines and cost estimates that
can be used by utilities for selecting lead pipe rehabilitation and replacement
technologies for site-specific applications.
(K) Pipe Material Characterization
& Design
Paper K1
Horizontal Direction Drilling Research Program - University of Waterloo
G.M. Duyvestyn, M.A. Knight & M.A. Polak
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is a trenchless construction method used to install
pipelines of various sizes and materials below the ground surface. Installation design and
technical knowledge associated with HDD installations are based on simplifying assumptions
and non-scientific rules. To date, limited field data exists to validate these assumptions
and rules. In 1996, the University of Waterloo initiated a field research program to
address this research need. Three instrumented high-density polyethylene pipes were
installed under controlled conditions at the University of Waterloo field test site using
a directional boring unit. Instrumentation consisted of recording pipe strain, ground
temperature, drill fluid pressures, drill rig hydraulic pressure, and pipe axial load. Two
of the three-pipe installations were exhumed to determine the condition of the drilling
fluid in the bore, bore and pipe ovality and rotation, and the as built pipe profile. This
paper summarizes field results from the pipe installations and excavations.
Paper K2
Installation Loads on New Pipelines During Pipe Bursting
V. Fernando & I.D. Moore
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
In urban areas, the zone near the ground surface is often congested with existing
services. These complicate the replacement of a defective service with a new line. The
existing hole in the ground thus becomes valuable as a route. Pipe bursting and pipe
splitting have been developed to exploit this resource. The new pipeline is installed by
splitting the defective pipe and displacing the fragments outwards. This enables a new
pipeline of the same or larger diameter to be pulled into place. Pipelines installed by
pipe bursting are subjected to external pressure due to soil-pipe interaction and axial
forces generated by the surface friction mobilized on the exterior of the pipe as it is
pulled into position. The installation load may be more severe than the operational load
and may govern the pulling length. This paper presents a method for estimating the
external pressures on pipes pulled into place during pipe bursting. A parametric study is
presented which covers a range of soil parameters and pipe geometries.
Paper K3
Experimental Investigation of Toronto Water Main Samples
M.V. Seica, J.A. Packer & B.J. Adams
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
The provision of an adequate quantity and quality of water is a constant concern. In order
to assess the overall state of deterioration of the City of Toronto's water main network,
to identify problem areas and to evaluate the governing failure causes, an extensive
sampling and testing programme was performed by the University of Toronto in collaboration
with the City of Toronto between 1998 and 2000. In total, 100 pipe samples, nearly all
cast iron, were exhumed from the ground and sent to the University laboratories for
testing and analysis. The tests aimed to ascertain the mechanical properties of the pipe
material, the material loss due to corrosion and the mode of failure. This investigation,
complemented by further research, should lead to a thorough understanding of the water
main failure phenomena and contribute to the efforts of many cities to minimise the number
of break occurrences and prioritise their maintenance and rehabilitation schedules.
Paper K4
Three Dimensional Mapping of Corrosion Pits in Cast Iron Pipe Using the Remote Field
Effect
J.M. Makar and R. Desnoyers
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
The remote field effect is an electromagnetic method for inspecting pipes and tubing. It
has recently been commercialised as a technique for inspecting gray cast iron and ductile
iron water mains. However, commercial tools provide information on pits depths in the pipe
and overall wall loss. Models of the mechanical behaviour of cast iron pipe also require
information on pit width and length. This paper discusses remote field effect apparatus
and experimental techniques used in the laboratory to produce three dimensional
electromagnetic field maps. The maps shown in the paper indicate that sizing corrosion
pits in three dimensions is possible using the remote field effect. Further research needs
are also discussed.
(L) Future Directions
Paper L1
Smart Pipe Systems-Concepts, Opportunities and Challenges
M. Pendlebury
XCG Consultants Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
B.W. Karney & K.W. Tang
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
A smart pipe is defined as a fluid-conveying pipe with integrated instrumentation to
determine the chemical nature of the fluid and the hydraulics of flow. Provisions are made
both to collect this information and to transmit it to a central monitoring location. A
smart pipe can be used not only to collect real-time data, but also to link this data to
numerical models, thereby connecting real-time data into issues of system calibration,
design, performance and operation. There are two main issues to be considered with respect
to the application of the smart pipe concept. The first is the reduction in the cost of
operation and maintenance versus the total cost of the smart system, and the second is the
improvement in service that arises through increased reliability of pressure, flow and the
quality of water delivered. Smart pipes provide additional flexibility for striking a
balance between these conflicting objectives.
Paper L2
Fiber Optic Distributed Sensor for Condition Monitoring of Underground Concrete Structures
Y. Zhao, M. Zhao & F. Ansari
Department of Civil & Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
A distributed fiber optic sensor is developed for condition monitoring of civil
infrastructure systems. The fiber optic sensor is especially useful in applications
involving underground structures and elements, i.e. concrete pipes, since they can be
embedded within the structural elements and operated remotely. The sensor principles are
simple and therefore, practical for crack detection and deformation measurement in civil
structural applications. Structural monitoring capability of the sensor was evaluated
through experiments with reinforced concrete beams, which were repaired by fiber
reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. The objective was to test the strain
reduction capability of the system in applications involving composite structures. The
sensor was adhered to the surface of FRP composite, and in the tension zone of the beams.
Experimental results are presented and discussed.
Paper L3
Determining the Value of Underground Infrastructure Assets
L.G. Snelgrove
Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
R.C. Haas
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Asset valuation as a major component of asset management is increasingly becoming an issue
for municipal managers. With alternative management strategies such as privatisation,
fixed term operation and transfer of ownership being more widely used, non-technical
managers require a means of determining the capital value of assets under negotiation.
Financial accounting guidelines have been developed and adopted to guide public agencies
in the reporting of public assets. These methodologies generally lack the performance
component and may not accurately represent the true "worth" of the asset,
particularly as far as the owner is concerned. This paper outlines the development of a
methodology to determine asset value of municipal infrastructure assets through the
integration of monetary valuation methodologies and performance parameters to provide a
representative asset performance value. The outcome will provide municipal stakeholders
(decision-makers, politicians and the public) with a true representation of the municipal
asset value and a tool to assist communication and decision making.
Paper L4
GIS-Based Risk Analysis of Ferrous Water Mains
K. Dixon, G. Blakey & J. Whiter
Thames Water R&T, Reading, UK
V. Hope
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Risk-based methods of analysis offer several advantages in the management of water
distribution networks over conventional techniques. The paper outlines the potential
rôles of risk analysis in the utility industry and describes two applications of the
method in a water company. The first is a predictive condition assessment model intended
for use as a decision making tool for network maintenance, and the second is a burst risk
model for trunk mains that is already in use in the London area. The paper discusses the
potential benefits to be gained by adopting risk based analytical methods and outlines the
requirements for integrating such methods within network management programmes. The
predictive condition assessment model, for use in the prioritisation of the repair and
replacement of individual mains, is based on performance data, pipe condition data and
environmental factors that cause deterioration in pipe condition. The principal rôles of
the trunk mains burst risk model are to aid operation and planning functions. It is
implemented within a geographical information system (GIS) framework.
(M) Case Histories
Paper M1
Elements of Success: Pipe Bursting in a Sensitive Area
W.D. Sims
City of Nanaimo, Engineering Department, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
The City of Nanaimo recently completed one of the largest pipe bursting projects in North
America. The City applied pipe bursting technology specifically to avoid the extreme
environmental impact of performing the project by open-cut methods. This paper outlines
the City of Nanaimo's search for solutions, and how the City of Nanaimo came to focus on
pipe bursting as the choice for its Millstone Sanitary Sewer Trunk Upgrade project. It
also summarizes the design, tendering and construction stages, and provides an overview of
a few critical lessons learned, and observations on the pipe bursting process in general.
Paper M2
Sewerage Systems in Polish Historic Cities and Their Rehabilitation
A. Kolonko & C. Madryas
Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
In this paper the relationships between renovation work in historic cities and their
sewerage systems are considered. Particular attention is paid to the history of sewerage
development in urban areas, the capacity of the sewerage network as compared with the
sewage disposal demand stemming from the contemporary civilisation requirements, the
condition of piping and the possibilities of bringing it up to current standards.
Attention is also focused on conflicts between sewage piping and underground urban
infrastructure development and on technical possibilities of adjusting the sewerage system
to the latter. These problems are discussed using Polish and foreign experience in this
field and results of investigations into the collectors in the city of Wroclaw. The
condition of the collectors is described and the causes of their degradation are given.
Paper M3
Construction Induced Movements of a Diaphragm Wall in Loose Sand
V.A.D. de Souza
VBA Consulting, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
J.T. Araruna Jr. & T.M.P. de Campos
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Tunneling is a complex civil engineering construction process and requires not only a
thorough conception of the variations that may be expected on the soil and rock mass but
also a clear perception of construction procedures. This paper presents the results of a
study where the stability of the excavation and the deformations induced thereby were
assessed by a finite element code and compared to the results of the monitoring programme.
The excavation in question, illustrated in Figure 1, took place during the construction of
Fortaleza's underground in Brazil (Metrofor Project). It consisted of a cut-and-cover
method, where 17 metres depth precast reinforced concrete panels were placed in a slurry
trench. The soil profile is composed basically of a layer of fine loose silty sand with an
underlying clayey sand stratum. The water level ranges from 2.0 to 4.5 m depth. The
monitoring programme consisted of surveying methods and extensometers used to monitor the
magnitude and rate of horizontal and vertical deformations of the structures and ground
surface. Triaxial and direct shear tests were carried out in order to define soil
parameters required to the numerical simulations.
Paper M4
Failure Modes and Mechanisms in Gray Cast Iron Pipes
J.M. Makar, R. Desnoyers and S.E. McDonald
Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
Failures in cast iron water mains are more complex and diverse than is widely understood
in the industry. This paper discusses the modes and causes of pipe failures that have been
encountered during a three year investigation by the National Research Council Canada. In
addition to corrosion, manufacturing defects, human error and unexpected levels of pipe
loading all play a role in the large number of pipe failures that occur each year. |
