For support on this model contact:

     Evan Englund 
     National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) 
     Characterization Research Division 
     P.O. Box 93478 
     Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 
     englund.evan@epamail.epa.gov


C:\Geoeas\Read.me      5/31/90
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Read.me - Readme file for the Geostatistical Environmental Exposure
Assessment Software (Geo-EAS) System, Version 1.2.1

It is assumed that the reader of this file is familiar with
personal computers, DOS, and the associated jargon.  If this is not
the case, get someone who knows something about these subjects to
help you before you try anything other than reading this file.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The following is a list of the contents of the distribution
diskettes

READ    .ME    This file
BUILD???.BAT   DOS command files to create GeoEAS distribution   
            diskettes:  ??? = 360 (360K), ??? = 720 (3.5-720K)
GEOEAS  .EXE   The System Menu Program
EXAMPLE .DAT   Example data set
EXAMPLE .PCF   Pair comparison file from Example.dat
EXAMPLE .GRD   Kriged (gridded) estimates from Example.dat
EXAMPLE .KPF   Krige parameter file  (used to produce Example.grd)
EXAMPLE .CPF   Conrec parameter file (used to produce Example.met)
EXAMPLE .POL   Sample polygon file
*       .MET   Sample metacode file(s)  (use View to display) *  
    .PLT   Sample HPGL plotter file (s) produced by HPPLOT HERSHY 
.BAR   (Required) file of digitized hershey character sets
DATAPREP.EXE   Data Preparation Utilities
TRANS   .EXE   Transforms for GeoEAS data file variables
STAT1   .EXE   Univariate Statistics
SCATTER .EXE   Quick and Dirty Scatter plots
PREVAR  .EXE   Pair comparison computation (used prior to Vario)
VARIO   .EXE   Variogram analysis and modeling (uses output from
               PREVAR)
XVALID  .EXE   Cross Validation of kriging plan
KRIGE   .EXE   Kriging
POSTPLOT.EXE   Post plots (*)
XYGRAPH .EXE   Line and Scatter plots (*)
CONREC  .EXE   Contours for gridded (.GRD) data (*)
               (*) - produces metacode (graph) files (Requires   
            HERSHY.BAR)
VIEW    .EXE   Utility to display metacode (graph) files (+) HPPLOT 
.EXE   Utility to convert metacode files to HPGL files (+)       
        (+) - Reads metacode (graph) files (Requires             
  HERSHY.BAR)
HPSETUP .BAT   A batch file to redirect printer output to COM1:  
             This may be used with the DOS PRINT command to      
         send files of HPGL commands (produced by HPPLOT)        
       to the COM1 serial port.
HC      .EXE   A utility to change modes on Hercules cards
-----------------------------------------------------------------
System Requirements

Memory Requirements:

GeoEAS programs work best with 640K of memory.  Some programs will
attempt  to run in 512K environments, but will certainly run much
more slowly. If memory resident utilities (such as Sidekick) are
present a 'Not enough memory' message may occur when you attempt
to run a program. If less memory than 512K is available, only a few
programs may be used. Disable the loading of large memory-resident
utilities (if possible)  before initiating the system.


-----------------------------------------------------------------
Graphics Hardware Requirements:

The system is designed to make use of graphics wherever possible
to aid in interpretation of data and results.  The graphics
configurations supported are:

       CGA (or EGA) with color monitor
       Hercules with monochrome monitor,
       EGA with an enhanced color monitor

The programs automatically detect the hardware configuration,  and
will adjust accordingly.  However, they can only detect the
graphics card, and not the type of video monitor.  An EGA card with
a monochrome monitor will 'Fool' the software, and unexpected
results may occur.  DO NOT attempt to use the programs on a system
with  an EGA/VGA with a Monochrome monitor.  It has been suggested
that monitor damage may occur if this happens.

*** NOTE ***  Hercules cards must be set in the correct mode.  If
              your monitor does not display graphics properly, run
              the utility program HC.EXE to change modes.

*** NOTE ***  If none of the supported configurations is detected,
              the programs will operate in a 'text-only'
              mode, and no graphics will be produced.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Installing the system

The system should be installed on a hard disk, if possible.  The
storage required is approximately 3 megabytes.  All system files
on the distribution  diskettes should be copied into a single
subdirectory.  We suggest the name GEOEAS.  The 'File Prefix'
option allows the programs to use data files which reside in
subdirectories other than GEOEAS, so it is recom-mended that the
Geo-EAS data files (such as example.*) and metacode files be copied
to some other directory (e.g. \GEOEAS\DATA\).

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Initiating the system

The programs may be initiated independantly (using DOS), or may be
invoked from the system menu program (GEOEAS.EXE).  Use the
following DOS commands to  initiate the system menu assuming the
default directory is C:\GeoEAS\

     1. CD \GeoEAS <enter>
     2. GEOEAS <enter>

The arrow keys may be used to move the cursor bar to indicate the
program to be initiated, and pressing the <enter> key will initiate
the desired program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Using a GeoEAS program

All programs are controlled from a menu line located at the bottom
of the screen.  The menu line contains a list of program options,
some of which may lead to other screens and menus.  A highlighted
bar will  appear on the menu line when the program is initiated.
A message  describing the highlighted menu option is displayed
below the menu line. Move the bar to the desired menu option by
using the <left>, or  <right> keys, and press <enter> (or press the
key corresponding to the first character in the menu option name.)

Most program will expect some data before they may produce results.
The files named Example.??? are provided to show example program
input and output. Example.dat is a sample data set which may be
used with most programs.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Invisible 'Graph Menus'

When a graph appears on the screen, two 'invisible' menu options
are available:  Pressing <Q> (Quit) returns you to the previous
screen  and menu.   Pressing <P> (Print) will cause the screen
contents to be dumped to the printer.  After the graph has been
printed, the  invisible menu will still be active and <Q> must be
used to exit.  Do not press <P> more than one time unless you want
more than one  hardcopy.  Be patient, for the screen dump routine
is painfully slow.

                    *** IMPORTANT NOTE ***

If <P> is pressed and a printer is not attached, or the printer is
not an IBM (EPSON MX80) graphics printer or compatible, the program
may pause indefinitely and you may need to 're-boot'.
=================================================================



                            ADDENDUM
                               TO
        GEOSTATISTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SOFTWARE
                            (GEO-EAS)
                          USER'S GUIDE

             Documenting the Upgrade to Version 1.2.1


Geo-EAS 1.1 was released in September, 1988.  Since then users have
reported a variety of problems with the code.  The procedure
followed until now was to correct bugs as soon as possible, and to
include the corrected code in all subsequent distributions.  This
has resulted in a gradually evolving Version 1.1.  With the
exeption of an unresolved intermittent scaling problem in POSTPLOT,
Version 1.2.1 includes corrections of all verified bugs reported
through February, 1990.  Also included are a number of
modifications to improve the menu operation, and minor functional
enhancements to several programs. (A few copies of Geo-EAS labelled
Version 1.2 were distributed - these contained a corrupted copy of
VARIO.EXE.  Anyone having Geo-EAS 1.2 should return it for a 1.2.1
upgrade)


CHANGES WHICH AFFECT DOCUMENTATION

This section describes enhancements and corrections which require
modification of the procedures documented in the Geo-EAS Version
1.1 User's Guide.

                   New SYSTEM DEFAULTS option

A new option has been added to the system.  This option allows you
to disable the introductory screens which appear when programs are
initiated.  The System Defaults File (GEOEAS.DEF).  contains
defaults for the programs to use at start up.  The first record
contains the most recently used File Prefix.   The second contains
the most recently used data (.DAT) file name.  These records are
automatically updated when a program is terminated, so that this
information may be passed to the next program used.  If the file
does not exist when a program is started, it will be created when
a program is finished.  A third record has been added to GEOEAS.DEF
to allow you to disable the introductory screens.  This record
contains the characters "INTRO=ON".  To disable the introductory
screens, use a text editor such as EDLIN to change the "ON" to
"OFF".

                Changes to KRIGE Polygon Option

A changes were made to the format of polygon files used by program
KRIGE, and an option was added to allow the polygon files to
operate on samples as well as blocks.

Two new polygon codes were added to the polygon file format.  The
previous codes were (0=INCLUDE estimates within the polygon) and
(1=EXCLUDE estimates inside the polygon).  New codes 2 and 3
provide more flexibility in producing estimates for irregularly
shaped areas.

For each block (or point) in the grid, a "Flag" is kept which
indicates if the block estimate is to be excluded from computation.
When no polygon file is specified, KRIGE sets all the flags to
INCLUDE.  If a polygon file is specified, all flags are initially
reset to EXCLUDE, and then modified sequentially by the coded
polygons in the file.  The codes result in the following
operations:

  IF Code = 0, flags are set to INCLUDE blocks INSIDE the current
  polygon.  Blocks outside remain unchanged.

  IF Code = 1, flags are set to EXCLUDE blocks INSIDE the current
  polygon.  Blocks outside remain unchanged.

  IF Code = 2, the flag settings are REVERSED for blocks INSIDE  
the current polygon.  Blocks outside remain unchanged.

  IF Code = 3, the flag settings are REVERSED for blocks OUTSIDE
  the current polygon.  Blocks inside remain unchanged.

The new Sample Select option can be set to YES or NO, resulting in
operation as follows:

  IF Sample Select = NO (the default), the polygon option works  
as in version 1.1.  It operates only on points or blocks to be  
kriged - all samples in the data file are used for kriging.

  IF Sample Select = YES, the polygon option operates on both   the
points or blocks to be kriged AND on the samples.  Only   samples
within areas flagged INCLUDE are used for kriging.

                    Geo-EAS Data File Formats

Optional Fortran "F" format statements may be added in columns 21
to 30 in the variable name records in a Geo-EAS data file.
Programs such as TRANS and KRIGE, which create new Geo-EAS output
files, can use these to provide easier-to-read files.  The format
statement is in the form Fx.y, where x is the total number of
columns required by the variable, including decimal point and minus
sign (if appropriate), and y is the number of digits to be printed
to the right of the decimal. TRANS will add a blank space between
variables.  For example, F6.2 will allow printing of any number in
the range -99.99 to 999.99.

                            Postplot

The Include Symbols options is now a three-valued (4, 1, None)
toggle field to enable or disable the plotting of symbols at the
sample locations .  The choices available are "4" - yes plot
symbols,  "1" - plot using only one symbol and "None" - do not plot
symbols.  If the value is "4" (the default) four different symbols
in four different colors will be plotted to represent the values
within their quartiles.  A legend is also plotted to the show the
quartile cutoff values, the symbols, and their corresponding
colors.  If the value is "1" only one symbol a "+" in one color
(yellow) will used to plot the values.  No legend will be plotted.

                             Prevar

A new Subset option was added to permit sub-sample variograms to
be computed from large data sets.  The data limit remains at 1000
records.  The screen fields accessed from this option are:

Fraction - A numeric field for specifying the cutoff value.      
     Acceptable values range from 0 to 1.  If the value          
 entered is less then 1 a uniform random number between          
 0 and 1 is generated for each pair, and the pair is           
retained only if the random number is less than the           
value entered.  The default is 1.

Seed    -  A numeric field used for entering the seed to
           initialize the random number generator.  The default  
         random seed is computed from the system clock.

If a Geo-EAS data file has 600 observations, for example, the
number of possible pairs is 179,700.  Specifying a fraction of
0.089 will result in a random subset of approximately 16,000 of
these pairs in the .PCF file, which may be analyzed with VARIO. If
the subset option is used, several subsets should be evaluated to
ensure that they are giving consistent results.

The new version no longer automatically resets the distance limit
to one-half the maximum when the possible pairs exceed the maximum.
The user must choose whether to use the limit or the subset option,
or both.

                              Trans

Three new unary operations have been added:

      Equals    - Set the variable equal to the operand.
      Abs. Val. - Computes the absolute value of the operand.    
  Sign      - Changes the sign of the operand.

Three new binary operation have been added:

      Max   - Determines the maximum value of the operands.      
Min   - Determines the minimum value of the operands.       Mean 
- Computes the mean of the operands.


The user will now be prompted for a FORTRAN format specification
as described above, instead of the number of significant digits
for the output format.

                              Vario

The defaults for the New Lags option is now calculated as:
Minimum = 0.0, Maximum = the maximum interpair distance, and
Increment = Maximum divided by 20.0.

The name of the "NonErgodic" variogram type has been changed to
"InvCov", which is short for the more descriptive term "Inverted
Covariance".



LIST OF CHANGES WHICH DO NOT AFFECT DOCUMENTATION

This list summarizes the bugs which have been reported and
corrected since the initial release of Geo-EAS.  Minor
modifications to menus are not included.


XVALID (12/88)  The results file produced by the Write option
contained values for 'Difference' which were written to the file
in the incorrect order.

SCATTER (12/88)  The program would not accept data files with only
two variables.

The program failed when the regression option was set and a
variable was used which had all constant values.

STAT1 (12/88)  When computing batch statistics for a variable with
all missing values, the program paused and displayed a message. 
It now will continue to print the report without
interruption.  The program sometimes generated an unneeded page
eject and header when printing the batch statistics report.

KRIGE and XVALID (12/88)  In the neighborhood search algorithm
shared by programs KRIGE and XVALID, neighbors were being
improperly classified into sectors, resulting in a simple
circle search.

TRANS (12/88)  In the RANK operation, equal values would receive
different ranks.

XYGRAPH (12/88)  Files with only two variables could not be read.

Truncation of the Y Axis Maximum caused the erroneous absence of
some data points.

Problems with line segments and symbols in the vicinity of
missing values were fixed.  A problem still exists which has not
been resolved.  This problem occurs when the NCAR
AUTOGRAPH axis plotting subroutines over-ride the axis limits set
by the user.  The result is that the graph limits used are other
than those specified by the user.

POSTPLOT, XYGRAPH, VIEW, HPPLOT (1/89)  A problem shared by these
four graphics programs was that plotting symbols were not
correctly centered on graphs.

XYGRAPH and POSTPLOT (1/89)  The programs XYGRAPH and POSTPLOT were
modified so that axis tick marks point outward (away from the graph
center) instead of inward.  POSTPLOT was modified to correct the
problem of inappropriate spacing between plotted symbols and values
which occurred when both the Symbol and Value options were chosen.

CONREC (1/89)  The option to right-justify titles in CONREC was
not working.

VARIO (1/89)  The linear model curve was displayed as having a
constant value at distances greater that the chosen "range". This
has been fixed so that linear models increase constantly and have
no maximum value.

VARIO (2/89)  A serious error occurred in computation of
variograms; incorrect results were obtained when the specified
variable contained missing values.  The "from" and "to"
pointers to the data table were incorrect.

XVALID and KRIGE (2/89)  Kriging with linear variogram models
failed when a short (relative to search radius) range was
specified.

KRIGE (5/89)  Due to machine precision, when the 'type' of kriging
was  set to 'Point', grid cell widths were not whole numbers, and
sampled values coincided with the grid, the estimates did not match
the coinciding sample values.  The correction
(testing against a distance of Cellwidth/1000) should work for the
majority of cases, but could cause the program to
incorrectly classify a point as coincident with the estimate in
cases where the distance between estimate and grid cell is less
than CellWidth/1000.

VARIO  (5/89)  The program failed with a "floating point overflow"
when the "log" option was selected and zero values were
encountered.

VARIO (8/89)  The bandwidth option was only working on one side.
Note that distances are subject to round-off due to the
trigonometric functions.

KRIGE (9/89)  A serious error occurred when an anisotropic
variogram was used.  Incorrect results were obtained when the major
axis angle of the variogram model was not either 0 or 90 degrees.

SCATTER and XYGRAPH (12/89)  The correlation coefficient was
incorrectly set to 1.0 when the correct value was zero or
negative.

STAT1 (12/89)  The number of observations reported for the
Histogram was one too many.

VARIO (1/90)  The Non-ergodic variogram was sometimes being
incorrectly computed.

KRIGE (1/90)  The 9/89 correction was not complete.  Kriging with
linear anisotropic variogram models produced incorrect
results.

XVALID (1/90)  The anisotropy problems encountered in KRIGE were
also found in XVALID.

KRIGE (1/90)  If, after a data set was read, a second data set was
specified, the coordinates from the first data set were not
replaced by values from the new file.