These are the among the few publications for groundwater remediation using in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate.  It primarily includes references relevant to oxidation with permanganate (i.e., literature from wastewater treatment, organic chemistry, soil chemistry, etc.) but there is literature relevant to peroxide/Fenton's.  If I have missed a reference, something is cited incorrectly, or you have in situ oxidation questions, please contact me.

The list is sorted by General Papers, Field-Scale Studies, Bench-Scale Studies, Modeling Investigations,Analytical Methods, Soil-Oxidant Interactions, Oxidation Chemistry, Hydrogen Peroxide / Fenton's/ Ozone , Biological Imapcts, Conventional Water Treatment Applications, Theses, and Web Documents.  There is also a list of Journal web pages. Each entry is color coded: red is for peer-reviewed articles, blue is direct links to the article, and black is for grey literature.
 
 

Silica sand stained with MnO2 (photo courtesy LKM).

Subsampling of DNAPL source zone cores.

Bryda, L.K. and P.E. Morris, Emerging technologies for in-situ groundwater remediation, Remediation, 7(3):109-125, 1997.

Gonullu, T., and G. Farquhar, 1989. Oxidation to remove TCE from soil, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, unpublished manuscript, Available here to download: Gonulla and Farquhar

Nyquist, J.E., Bradley, J.C., and R.K. Davis, DC resistivity monitoring of potassium permanganate injected to oxidize TCE in situ, in the proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems, R.S. Bell, M.H. Powers, and T. Larson (eds.), Chicago, IL, March 22-26, 1998.

Forsey, S.P. and J.F. Barker, Chemical oxidation of coal tar residuals below the water table, Final Report, Project 678G for the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, March 1995.

Hood, E.D., N.R. Thomson, D. Grossi, and G.J. Farquhar, Experimental determination of the kinetic rate law for oxidation of perchloroethylene by potassium permanganate, Chemosphere, 40(12):1383-1388, 1999.

Huang, K.C., G.E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B.A. Woody, and G.M. Dobbs, Kinetic study of oxidation of trichloroethylene by potassium permanganate, Environ. Eng. Sci., 16(4):265-274, 1999.

Huang, K.C., G.E. Hoag, P. Chheda, B.A. Woody, and G.M. Dobbs, Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of tetrachloroethylene with permanganate
Chemosphere,  46(6), 815-825, 2002.

Lunn, G., E.B Sansone, M. DeMeo, M. Laget, and M. Castegnaro, Potassium permanganate can be used for degrading hazardous compounds, Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 55(2):167-171, 1994.

Tratnyek, P.G., T.L. Johnson, S.D. Warner, H.S. Clarke, and J.A. Baker, In situ treatment of organics by sequential reduction and oxidation, in the proceedings of the First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 18-21, 1998.

Yan, Y.E, and F. Schwartz, Oxidative degradation and kinetics of chlorinated ethylenes by potassium permanganate, J. Contam. Hydrol., 37(3), pp. 343-365, 1999.

Chambers, J., A. Leavitt, C. Walti, C. G. Schreier, and J. Melby.  Treatability study - fate of chromium during oxidation of chlorinated solvents.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Li, X.D., and F. W. Schwartz.  Efficiency problems related to permanganate oxidation schemes.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Reitsma, S., and M. Marshall.  Experimental study of oxidation of pooled NA.PL.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Seol, Y., and F W. Schwartz.  Phase-transfer catalysis on the oxidation of trichloroethylene by permanganate.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Struse, A.M., and R. L. Siegrist.  Permanganate transport and matrix interactions in silty clay soils.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Thomson, N.R., E.D. Hood, and L. K MacKinnon.  Source-zone mass removal using permanganate: Expectations and potential limitations.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Urynowicz, M.A., and R. L. Siegrist.  Chemical degradation of TCE DNAPL by permanganate.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.
 

Cline, S.R., O.R. West, R.L. Siegrist, and W.L. Holden, Performance of in situ chemical oxidation field demonstrations at DOE sites, in the proceedings of the ASCE Geotechnical Conference, Special Publication No. 71, Minneapolis MN, October 5, 1997.

Chambers, J., A. Leavitt, C. Walti, C. G. Schreier, J Melby, and L. Goldstein,  In-situ destruction of chlorinated solvents with KMnO4 oxidizes chromium.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Cowie, A. M. and M. F. Weider, In situ remediation of formalin release at Monsanto, Springfield, Massachusetts, in the proceedings of the Hazardous Materials Spills Conference, 1986.

Hood, E.D., N.R. Thomson, and G.J. Farquhar, In situ oxidation: an innovative treatment strategy to remediate trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene DNAPLs in porous media, in the proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Groundwater and Soil Contamination, Montreal, QC, 1997.

Huang, K-C., P. Chheda, G. E. Hoag, B.A. Woody, and G.M Dobbs.  Pilot-scale study of in situ chemical oxidation of trichloroethene with sodium permanganate. In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

MacKay, D., A. Hewitt, S. Reitsma, J. LaChance, and R. Baker, In situ oxidation of trichloroethylene using potassium permanganate: part 2. pilot study, in proceedings of the First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 18- 21, 1998.

Marvin, B.K., C.H. Nelson, W. Clayton, K. M. Sullivan, and G. Skladany, In situ chemical oxidation of pentachlorophenol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from laboratory tests to field demonstrations, in the proceedings of the First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 18- 21, 1998.

Moes, M., C Peabody, R. Siegrist, and M. Urynowiez.  Permanganate injection for source zone treatment of TCE DNAPL.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Nelson, M.D., B.L. Parker, JA. Cherry, and T Al.  Passive destruction of PCE DNAPL by potassium permanganate in a sandy aquifer.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Schnarr, M.J. and G.J. Farquhar, An in situ oxidation technique to destroy residual DNAPL from soil, in the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ground Water Quality, Dallas, TX, June 21-24, 1992.

Schnarr, M.J., C.L. Truax, G.J. Farquhar, E.D. Hood, T. Gonullu, and B. Stickney, Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene DNAPLs in porous media, J. Contam. Hydrol., 29(3):205-224, 1998.

Siegrist, R.L., K.S. Lowe, L.C. Murdoch, T.L. Case, and D.A. Pickering, In situ oxidation by fracture emplaced reactive solids, J. Environ. Eng., 125(5):429-440, 1999.

Thomson, N.R., E.D. Hood, and L. K MacKinnon.  Source-zone mass removal using permanganate: Expectations and potential limitations.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

West, O.R., In situ oxidation by well injection and recirculation of potassium permanganate, summary of presentation at the Water Environment Federation (WEFTEC) Workshop on In Situ Oxidation for Site Remediation, Chicago, IL, October 1997.

West, O.R., S.R. Cline, W.L. Holden, F.G. Gardner, B.M. Schlosser, J.E. Thate, D.A. Pickering, and T.C. Houk, A full-scale demonstration of in situ chemical oxidation through recirculation at the X-701B: field operations and TCE degradation, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN, 1997.

Clayton, W.S., RK Marvin, T Pac, and E. Mott-Smith.  A multisite field performance evaluation of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Oberle, D. W., and D. L. Schroder.  Design considerations for in situ chemical oxidation.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

McKay, D.J., JA. Stark B.L. Young, J. W. Govoni, C.M. Berini, TJ. Cronan, andA.D. Hewitt. A field demonstration of trichloroethylene oxidation using potassium permanganate.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Mott-Smith, E., W. C Leonard, R. Lewis, W.S. Clayton, J. Ramirez, R. Brown.  In situ oxidation of DNAPL using permanganate: IDC Cape Canaveral demonstration.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.
 

Hood, E. D. and N. R. Thomson.  Numerical simulation of in situ chemical oxidation.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Reitsma, S., and Q. Dai.  Reaction-enhanced mass transfer from NAPL pools.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Zhang, H. and R W. Schwartz.  Simulation of oxidative treatment of chlorinated compounds by permanganate.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Beck, A.G., Determination of residual permanganate and permanganate demand, Water Waste Eng., December, 1968

Rees, T., The stability of potassium permanganate solutions, J. Chem. Ed.,64(12):1058, 1987.

Barcelona, M.J., and T.R. Holm, Oxidation-reduction capacities of aquifer solids, Environ. Sci. Technol., (25)9, 1565-1572, 1991.

British Standards Institution, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes (BS1377), Test 8 - Determination of the organic matter content, London, England, April 1975.

Korom, S.F., M.J. McFarland, and R.C. Sims, Reduced sediments: a factor in the design of subsurface oxidant delivery systems, Ground Water Monit. Remed., 16(1):100-105, 1996.

Walkley, A. and I.A. Black, An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method, Soil Sci., (37):29-37, 1935.

Kastner, J. R., J. A. Domingo, M. Denham, M. Molina, and R. Brigmon, Effect of chemical oxidation on subsurface microbiology and trichloroethene (TCE) biodegradation, Bioremediation Journal, 4(3), 219-236, 2000.

Belavin, B.V., E.I. Kresova, A.P. Moravskii, and A.E. Shilov, Oxidation of methane in potassium permanganate solution,  Kinetika I Kataliz, 31(3):764, 1990.

Lee, D.G., Oxidation of organic compounds by permanganate ion and hexavalent chromium, Open Court Publishing Co., LaSalle, IL, 1980.

Rinehart, K.L, Oxidation and reduction of organic compounds, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1973.

Stewart, R., Oxidation in organic chemistry: oxidation by permanganate, K.Wiberg, ed., Academic Press, New York, NY, 1973.

Bryda, L.K. and P.E. Morris, Emerging technologies for in situ groundwater remediation, Remediation, Summer, 109-125, 1997.

Gates, D.D., and R.L. Siegrist, In situ chemical oxidation of trichloroethylene using hydrogen peroxide, J. Environ. Eng., September, 639-644, 1995.

Glaze, W.H. and J.W. Kang,  Advanced oxidation processes for treating groundwater contaminated with TCE and PCE: laboratory studies, J. Amer. Water Works, 80(5):57-63, 1988.

Hoigné, J. and H. Bader, Role of hydroxyl radical reaction in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions, Water Res., (10):377, 1976.

Jerome, K.M., B.B. Looney, and J. Wilson, Field demonstration of in situ Fenton's destruction of DNAPLs, in the proceedings of the First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 18-21, 1998.

Levin, R., E. Kellar, J. Wilson, L. Ware, J. Findley, and J. Baehr.  Full-Scale Soil Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents by In Situ Chemical Oxidation.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Nuttall, H. E., V. Rao, S. R. Doppatapudi, and W. Lundy,  Chemical oxidation of PCE at a dry cleaner site. In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Nyer, L.K. and D. Vance, Hydrogen peroxide treatment:  the good, the bad, the ugly, GWMR, 19:3, 54-57, 1997.

Miller, C.M., R.L. Valentine, M.E. Roehl, and P. J.J. Alvarez, Chemical and microbiological assessment of pendimethalin-contaminated soil after treatment with fenton's reagent, Wat. Res. 30(11), 2579-2586, 1996.

Ravikumar, J. X. and M. D. Gurol, Chemical oxidation of chlorinated organics by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sand, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(3):395-400, 1994.

Roberts, E. P., and N. Bauer.  In situ chemical oxidation limited by site conditions: A case study.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000

Tarr, M.A., ME. Lindsey, J. Lu, and G. Xu,  Fenton oxidation: bringing pollutants and hydroxyl radicals together.  In Proceeding from the Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 22-25, 2000.

Vella, P.A. and J.A. Munder, Comparison of the oxidants potassium permanganate, Fenton's reagent and chlorine dioxide on the toxicity of substituted phenols, in the proceeding of Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management III, 1993.

Vendkatadri, R. and R.W. Peters,  Chemical oxidation technologies: ultraviolet light/hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reagent, and titanium dioxide-assisted photocatalysis, Haz. Waste & Haz. Mat., 10(2):107-144, 1993.

Watts, R.J., M.D. Udell, S.  Kong, and S.W. Leung, Fenton-like soil remediation catalyzed by naturally occurring iron minerals, Environ. Eng.  Sci., 16(1):93-103, 1999.

Carlson, K.H., and W.R. Knocke, Modeling manganese oxidation with KMnO4 for drinking water treatment, J. Environ. Eng., 123(10):892-896, 1999.

Colthurst, J.M. and P.C. Singer, Removing trihalomethane precursors by permanganate oxidation and manganese dioxide precipitation, J. Amer. Water Works Assoc., 71(2):78-83, 1982.

Ficek, K.J., Manganese removal using potassium permanganate in low pH, low hardness waters, Carus Chemical Co., Ottawa, IL, 1986.

Moyers, B. and J.S. Wu, Removal of organic precursors by permanganate oxidation and alum coagulation, Water Res., 19(3):309-314, 1985.

de Renzo, D.J., Unit operations for treatment of hazardous industrial wastes, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1978.

Singer, P.C, J.H. Borchardt,  and J.M. Colthurst, The effects of permanganate pretreatment on trihalomethane formation in drinking water, J. AWWA Res. Technol., 70(10):573-578, 1980.

Vella, P.A., G. Deshinsky, J.E. Boll, J. Munder, and W.M. Joyce, Treatment of low level phenols (mg./L) with potassium permanganate, J. WPCF, 62(7):907-914, 1990.

Vella, P.A. and B. Veronda, Oxidation of trichloroethylene:  a comparison of potassium permanganate and Fenton's reagent, in the proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Chemical Oxidation Technology for the Nineties, Vanderbuilt University, Nashville, TN, 1992.

Grossi, D., Evaluation of in situ permanganate oxidation of chlorinated solvents, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, 1996.

MacKinnon, L.K., In situ oxidation of a PCE pool, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, 1999.

Schnarr, M.J., An in-situ oxidative technique to remove residual DNAPL from soils, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, 1992.

Struse, A.M., Mass transport of potassium permanganate in low permeability media and matrix interactions, M.Sc. Thesis, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 1999.

Truax, C.T.L., Investigation of the in situ KMnO₄ oxidation of residual DNAPLs located below the groundwater table, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, 1993.

Tunnicliffe, B.S., Mass removal from a rough-walled fracture: experimental investigation using permanganate, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, 1999.

Remediation Site List (www.clu-in.org, 1999)
Technology Status Review In Situ Oxidation (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, 1999)
High resolution modeling in support of ISCOR experiment at Portsmouth (Mahinthakumar and West, 1997)
Technology Status Report In Situ Flushing (Roote, 1998)
Technology Evaluation Report: In Situ Chemical Treatment (Yin and Allen, 1999)
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical (USEPA, 1998)
Performance of in situ chemical oxidation field demonstrations at DOE sites (Cline et al., 1997)
In situ remediation of DNAPL compounds in low permeability media fate/transport, In Situ Control Technologies, and Risk Reduction (Gates et al., 1996)

Chemosphere (Chemosphere)
Environmental Engineering Science (Environ. Eng. Sci.)
Environmental Science & Technology (Environ. Sci. Technol.)
Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation (Ground Water Monit. Remediat.)
Hazardous Waste Consultant (Hazard. Waste Consult.)
Journal of the American Water Works Association (J. Am. Water Works Assoc.)
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology (J. Contam. Hydrol.)
Journal of Environmental Engineering (J. Environ. Eng.)
Journal of Environmental Quality (J. Environ. Qual.)
Journal of Ground Water (Ground Water)
Journal of Hazardous Materials (J. Hazard. Mater.)
Journal of Hazardous Substance Research (J. Hazard. Subst. Res.?)
Journal of Hydrology (J. Hydrol.)
Journal Environmental Science Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering (J. Environ. Sci. Health, Pt. A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.)
Remediation (Remediation)
Water Environment Research (Water Environ. Res.)
Water Environment & Technology (Water Environ. Technol.)
Water Research (Water Res.)
Water Science and Technology (Water Sci. Technol.)
Water Quality International (Water Qual. Int.)
Water Resources Research (Water Resour. Res.)
Water Well Journal (Water Well J.)

plus..
Massive List of Journals (including online links) from ORNL
 

Disclaimer containing small print:  This list is for reference only and I make no claims as to the quality of the work, the significance of the research topics, or about in situ oxidation in general.  Copyright Eric D. Hood, 2001.  Feel free to include a link to this site.