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 brodland collage

Mechanical Testing

The goal of this work is:

1. To measure the tensile properties of increasingly smaller specimens, and
2. To improve the quality of those tests. Some of our specific projects are shown below.

Biaxial Testing of Biomaterials Specimens


Biaxial testing of biomaterials is challenging because the specimens are often of limited size (e.g., heart valve and eye tissues) and difficult to grasp, and the materials undergo large strains.

Figure 1
Fig. 1 - The figure shows the small scale of the planar samples of interest in our lab.

Over time, we came to the conclusion that a discrete-point attachment system as used in the BioTester was generally preferred over a cruciform or rigidly clamped specimen. Studies of eye tissue with collaborators at the Toronto General Hospital, the University of Toronto Faculty of Engineering, the University of Waterloo faculty of Applied Health Sciences and the University of Waterloo School of Optometry led to a number of important conclusions:
1. In order to obtain a reasonably uniform strain state in a specimen, at least 5 attachment points should be used along each edge [1].

Figure 2
Fig. 2 - The strain state becomes increasingly non-uniform as the number of attachment points decreases. Finite element (FE) simulations showed that at least 5 attachment points are needed along each edge in order to produce an adequate region with sensibly uniform strain, a result that was confirmed experimentally.

2. Precise positioning of these attachment points is crucial [1].

Figure 3

Fig. 3 - Imprecise positioning of the attachment points can disrupt the strain field. (Same colour scale as Fig. 2)

3. In both uniaxial and biaxial testing scenarios, the attachment points must be able to undergo free lateral motions [2].


Movie 1 - A lap test used to obtain the mechanical properties of the interface between a pair of lamellae from an intervertebral disk. Movie compliments of Diane Gregory and Jack Callaghan, University of Waterloo.

FE simulations of various proposed test geometries have been important in the development of effective experimental designs and in the interpretation of experimental data.


Micro-compression Testing


One of the goals of this work is to determine the surface and interfacial tensions of cells by compressing small aggregates [3] between plates. Another goal is to use micro-compression testing to measure the properties of hydrogels and other low-modulus materials (MicroSquisher).


Micro-tension Testing


The goal of this project [4] is to measure the tensile properties of embryonic tissues, many of which are only a few hundreds of microns in size.


Movie 2 - Tensile test of a specimen of embryonic epithelium.

References


1. Eilaghi, A., Flanagan, J.G., Brodland, G.W. and Ethier, C.R., 2009, "Strain Uniformity in Biaxial Specimens is Highly Sensitive to Attachment Details," ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Vol. 131, 091003. doi: 10.1115/1.3148467.

2. Gregory, D.E., Veldhuis, J.H., Horst, C., Brodland, G.W., Callaghan, J.P., 2011, "Novel lap test determines the mechanics of delamination between annular lamellae of the intervertebral disc," Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 44, pp. 97-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.08.031.

3. Brodland, G.W., Yang, J and Sweny, J, 2009, "Cellular interfacial and surface tensions determined from aggregate compression tests using a finite element model," HFSP Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 273-281. doi: 10.2976/1.3175812.

4. Wiebe, C.J. and Brodland, G.W., 2005, "Tensile Properties of Embryonic Epithelia Measured Using a Novel Instrument," Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 38, pp. 2087-2094. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.09.005.